Class-8_Subharambha

 

Class-8

Computer

 

Reference Book (Shuvarambha Publication)

Lesson 1 Computer Overview

Lesson 2 History of Computer Development 

Lesson 3 Generation of Computer

Lesson 4 Types of Computer

Lesson 5 Introduction to Computer Hardware and Software 

Lesson 6 Operating System

Lesson 7 Word Processing Program

Lesson 8 Spreadsheet Software  

Lesson 9 Presentation Software

Lesson 10 Web Page Designing With HTML 

Lesson 11 Information Communication Technology 

Lesson 12 Computer Ethics and Cyber Law 

Lesson 13 Computer Virus

Lesson 14 Introduction to computer networking

Lesson 15 Computer Number System

Lesson 16 Introduction to computer graphics

Lesson 17 Multimedia and Application

Lesson 18 Program Designing Tools and Techniques

Lesson 19 Fundamental Knowledge of Computer programming

Lesson 20 Computer Programming in QBASIC

 

Computer Overview

Fundamental Concept of Computer (Reference Book: Shubharambha Publication)

 

Write a very short answer the following questions.

 

a. Define the term "Computer"

 

b. What is 'Input"?

 

c. What are data?

 

d. What is the working principle of the computer?

 

e. Why does a computer need programs?

 

f. What is Random Access Memory?

 

g. What are the types of internal memory?

 

Ans: There are two types of internal memory: Volatile and non-volatile memory.

 

Write short answers to the following questions.

 

a. Write any two advantages and disadvantages of the computer.

 

b. Write about the computer hardware and software?

 

c. What is the computer memory? What is the role of memory in a computer?

 

d. What is hardware and software? Write with an example.

 

Write long answers to the following questions.

 

a. Explain the working principle of the computer with a clear diagram.

 

b. Explain, why the computer is the powerful working tool?

 

History of Computer Development 

Write very short answers to the following questions.

a. What was the first manual calculating device?

Ans: Abacus was the first manual calculating device.

b. Who is known as the father of modern computer technology?

Ans: Charles Babbage is known as the father of modern computer technology?

c. Who was the inventor of Slide Rule?

Ans: The slide Rule was invented by William Oughtred in 1620 AD.

d. What are the devices invented by Charles Babbage?

Ans: The devices invented by Charles Babbage were the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine.

e. Who is considered the first computer programmer?

Ans: Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer.

f. Who was the inventor of Stepped Reckoner and when it was invented?

Ans: A German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz was the inventor of Stepped Reckoner it was invented in 1970 AD.

g. Who was the founder of Tabulating Machine Company?

Ans: Herman Hollerith was the founder of Tabulating Machine Company.

h. How many vacuum tubes were used in the first electronic computer?

Ans: 17468 vacuum tubes were used in the first electronic computer.

i. Which generation of computers was introduced in Nepal for the first time?

Ans: The IBM 1401 belongs to the second generation of computer that was introduced in Nepal for the first time.

 

Write short answers to the following questions.

a. Describe in short about Abacus.

Ans: Abacus was the first manual calculating device developed by Chinese people before 3000 BC. it was made up of a wooden frame and divided into two parts. The upper part is called heaven and the lower part is called earth.

b. Why is Babbage known as the father of modern computer science?

Ans: Charles Babbage was the first person to develop the concept of the modern digital computer which works on the principle of Input-Process-Output and storage so, he is known as the father of modern computer science.

c. What are the components of an analytical engine.

Ans: The main components of an analytical engine is given below:

i) The store (like a memory)

ii) The mill (like a processing unit)

iii) The input section using punched cards. 

iv) The output section using punched cards.  

d. Write a few lines about ENIAC.

Ans: ENIAC was the first multipurpose electronic computer it was designed by John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly in 1964.

e. What was the first electromechanical digital computer? When was it invented and who?

Ans:

 

Generation of Computer

 

Write very short answers to the following questions.
a. What was the memory unit of the first generation of computers?
Ans: Vacuum Tube was the memory unit of the first generation computer. 
b. Who was the inventor of the Vacuum Tube?
Ans: Vacuum Tube was invented by Lee De Forest. 
c. In which generation were FORTRAN and COBOL used as a programming language?
Ans: FORTRAN and COBOL programming language was used in fourth-generation computers. 
d. Name any two computers that were used in the third generation.
Ans: IBM 360 series and Honeywell- 6000 series were two computers that were used in the third generation.
e. In which generation was IC used as the memory component?
Ans: In the third generation IC was used as the memory component.
f. In which generation the concept of AI will be used?
Ans: In the fifth generation, the concept of AI will be used.

 

Write short answers to the following questions.

a. Name the various computer generations.

Ans: The various computer generations are: First Generation, Second Generation, Third Generation, Fourth Generation, and Fifth Generation.

b. List out the memory components used by different generations.  

Ans: The memory components used by different generations are:

First Generation >>> Vacuum Tube

Second Generation >>> Transistors 

Third Generation >>> Integrated Circuit

Fourth Generation >>> Microprocessor

Fifth Generation >>> Bio-Chips

c. Write any two differences between the third and the fourth generation computer.

Ans:

Third Generation Computer	Fourth Generation Computers
1. It used IC (Integrated Circuit) as the main memory component	1. It uses Microprocessor as the main memory component.
2. It was much faster and consume less electricity than the previous generation computers.	2. The working speed is up to picosecond and very accurate and versatile than the third generation.

d. Write any four features of the second generation computer.

Ans: Any four features of the second generation computers are:

i) VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)  technology is used to produce a single microprocessor. 

ii) It is cheaper and more portable.

iii) It is very accurate and versatile.

iv) Working speed is very fast up to picosecond. 

e. What is Artificial Intelligence? Explain in short.

Ans: Artificial Intelligence is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and methods of making computers think like human beings and will be able to use natural languages like English, French, and even Nepali for processing. 

 

Types of Computer

Write very short answers to the following questions.

 

a. Name the computers on the basis of work.

 

Ans: There are three types of computers on the basis of work they are, analog, digital and hybrid computers.

 

b. Which computer has the combined features of analog and digital computer?

 

Ans: Hybrid computer has the combined features of analog and digital computers.

 

c. Which computer can be used to process numeric as well as non-numeric data?

 

Ans: Digital computers can be used to process numeric as well as non-numeric data.

 

d. Which device is used to measure blood pressure and temperatures these days?

 

Ans: Analog devices are used to measure blood pressure and temperatures these days.

 

e. Write any two examples of the mainframe computers.

 

Ans: IBM 401 and ICL 2950 are the two examples of mainframe computers.

 

f. Name some laptop manufacturing companies.

 

Ans: Dell, Samsung, Acer, and HP are popular laptop manufacturing companies.

 

Write short answers to the following questions.

 

a. Define analog computers with any four features.

 

Ans:

 

Features of analog computer.

 

i) The speed of an analog computer is high.

 

ii) These computers are not reliable and do not display actual data.

 

iii) These computers are the base for digital computers.

 

iv) These computers have small storage capacity or no memory.

 

b. Write down the features of the digital and hybrid computers.

 

Ans: Features of digital computer:

 

i) These computers are easy to use.

 

ii) These computers are reliable.

 

iii) These computers have large memory and storage capacity.

 

iv)

 

Features of Hybrid computer.

 

i) It has the combined features of analog and digital computer.

 

ii) These computers are reliable and provide accurate result.

 

iii) It is mainly used in robotics.

 

iv) These are the special purpose computers.

 

c. What are the computers on the basis of size? Define ant two of them.

 

Ans:

 

Introduction to Computer Hardware and Software 

7. Write very short answers to the following questions.

 

a. What are the two types of input hardware?

Ans: Keyboard and Mouse are the two types of hardware.

b. Name any two output hardware.

Ans: Monitor and printer are the two output hardware.

c. Which of the computer memory is called volatile memory?

Ans: RAM is called the volatile memory of the computer.

d. What is booting?

Ans: Booting is the process of starting or restarting the computer system or even other computing devices.

e. Name any two-language translator.

Ans: Two language translators are Compiler and Interpreter.

f. Name any two utility software.

Ans: Any two utility software are: antivirus and backup software.

 

8. Write short answers to the following questions.

a. What is computer hardware? Define input, output, and processing hardware in short.

Ans: Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer that we can touch and see.

Input hardware:

Input hardware or input device is a piece of computer hardware equipment that is used to provide data and instructions to the computer system for processing. Eg. Keyboard, Mouse

Output Hardware:

The devices that are used to display the result to the user are known as output hardware. Eg. Monitor, Printer.

Processing Hardware:

The device that is used to process the raw data according to the instructions given to it is known as the processing hardware. Eg. CPU.

 

b. Why RAM is called volatile memory?

Ans: RAM is used to store the data temporarily and it losses all data when the power is switched off so it is called volatile memory.

c. What are the types of system software? Write about Operating System.

Ans: There are four types of system software. Operating system, Language translator, Device driver, Utility software.

Operating System software:

An operating system is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software.

d. What are the functions of the operating system?

Ans: The functions of the operating system are:

i) Memory Management

ii) Process Management

iii) Storage Management

iv) Data security

e. What is a language translator? Why it is needed in a computer system?

Ans: A language translator is a program that translates a set of code written in one programming language into another programming language.

    The instruction given by the user is in the high-level programming language which cannot be understood by the computer and that should be translated into machine language so a language translator is needed in a computer system.

f.Define utility software with its examples.

Ans: An utility software is a special type of system software used to maximize the utility of the hardware device and computer system. Eg. Antivirus, Backup software, etc.

g. What is application software? Write its types.

Ans: An application software is a set of one or more programs designed to solve a specific problem of a specific task.

 

9. Write long answers to the following questions.

a. What are the types of computer hardware? Explain in detail.

 

6. Explain system software. What are the functions of an operating system?

Explain.

 

Operating System

Write very short answers to the following questions.

 

a. Write any one function of the operating system.

 

b.  Name any two popular operating systems.

 

c. What are the types of booting?

 

Ans: Cold booting and Warm booting are the types of booting.

 

d. Name any two internal DOS commands.

 

Ans: Two internal DOS commands are: CLS, and TIME.

 

e. What was the first version of windows?

 

Ans: The first version of Windows was Windows-1.0.

 

f. Name any two components of the windows desktop.

 

Ans:

 

g. Where is the default location of the taskbar on the desktop?

 

Ans:

 

Write short answers to the following questions.

 

a. What is an operating system?

 

b. Explain the functions of an operating system in short.

 

c. What are the types of an operating systems? Define one of them.

 

Word Processing Program

Chapter 7 Word Processing Program

Write very short answers to the following questions.

a. In which tab can you see the options like save, New, open, print, etc?
Ans: In the file tab we can see the options like save, New, open, print, etc.

b. In which tab can you use to apply page setup?
Ans: In the Layout tab we can use it to apply page setup.

c. Which shortcut key can be used to make the text center alignment?
Ans: Ctrl+J shortcut key can be used to make the text center alignment.

d. Which colour will appear on the word if it has spelling and grammar errors?
Ans: Red colour underline will appear on the word if the spelling is an error and a green colour underline will appear on the word if the grammar is an error.

e. Which tab can we use to apply the header and footer in the document?
Ans: In the Insert tab we can use it to apply the header and footer in the document.

f. Can we insert a table and chart in the word processing program?
Ans: Yes we can insert a table and chart in the word processing program.

g. In which tab can you get the format painter option?
Ans: We can get the format painter option in Home tab. 

Write short answers to the following questions.
a. What is Microsoft Office word 2010? Explain its features.

Ans: Microsoft Office Word 2010 is a word processing program, designed to create professional documents with various document formatting tools. 
Some features of Microsoft Office Word 2010 are:
i) We can edit and modify the document easily.
ii) Easy way to work with paragraph and document formatting.
iii) It has more features for picture, graph, and chart editing.
iv) It has different options for document printing.

b. What do you mean by paragraph formatting and font formatting?
Ans: Paragraph formatting is the process of setting margins, alignment, spacing between lines, etc to make a paragraph attractive. 

Font formatting refers to the way of changing the font size, font face, font colour, or making text bold, Italic, underlines, etc. 

c. What is the use of page break? Write down the steps to perform this activity.
Ans: Page break used to specify where a new page will begin in a document.

Steps to perform page break

step 1: Place your insertion point at the beginning of the word save.

Step 2: From the insert tab click page break.

d. What are page header and footer? What is the purpose of inserting header and footer in the document?

Ans: A page header is text that appears in the top margin of each page of a document. A page footer is text that appears in the bottom margin of each page of a document.

The purpose of inserting header and footer in the document is to provide information about the document, such as the author, the date, and the page number.

e. Write proper steps to convert the text into a table.

1. Select the text. 2. Click the "Table" button on the toolbar. 3. Select the number of columns and rows. 4. Click "OK."

Write long answer of the following questions.
a. Explain the various tabs used by Microsoft Office word 2010?

The various tabs used by Microsoft Office Word 2010 are: Home: The Home tab contains the most commonly used commands for formatting text, such as font size and style, alignment, and spacing. Insert: The Insert tab contains commands for inserting objects into your document, such as images, tables, and hyperlinks. Page Layout: The Page Layout tab contains commands for modifying the layout of your document, such as margins, page orientation, and indentation. References: The References tab contains commands for inserting citations and creating a bibliography. Mailings: The Mailings tab contains commands for creating mail merge documents. Review: The Review tab contains commands for proofreading and collaborating on your document. View: The View tab contains commands for changing how your document is displayed, such as switching to Draft view or enabling Track Changes.
b. What is design template? How to create a template? Write with proper steps.

A design template in MS Word is a pre-designed document that can be used as a starting point for a new document.

To create a template,

1. open a new document in MS Word and then click on the "File" tab.
2. In the "New" section, click on the "New from Template" option.
3. This will open a window with a list of available templates.
4. Choose the template that you want to use and then click on the "Create" button.

c. What is watermark text? What is the purpose of using it? Write proper steps to insert watermark in your document. 

Watermark text is text that is inserted into a document that is typically light in color and faded. The purpose of using a watermark is to provide a visual indication that the document is copyrighted or confidential. To insert a watermark into a document, open the document in Microsoft Word. Click the "Insert" tab, then click "Watermark." Select the watermark you want to insert from the drop-down menu.

 

Spreadsheet Software  

Write very short answers to the following questions.

 

a. What type of program is excel 2010?

Ans: Excel 2010 is a spreadsheet program.

b. In which tab can we click to save the excel workbook?

Ans: We have to click on the file tab to save excel workbook.

c. What is the name of the bar which is located at the top of the excel worksheet?

Ans: The name of the bar which is located at the top of the excel worksheet is the title bar.

d. Name various view buttons.

Ans: Names of different view buttons are: Normal Layout view, Page Layout view, and Page break view.

e. How many default sheets are available in the excel workbook?

Ans: There are three default sheets available in the excel workbook.

f. What is the name of the last column in excel 2010?

Ans: XFD is the name of the last column in excel 2010.

g. In which cell reference can we use the dollar ($) sign?

Ans: We use the dollar ($) sign in the Absolute cell reference.

h. Name any two arithmetic operators.

Ans: Two arithmetic operators are: Addition (+) and Subtraction (-).

i. Which function is used to find the maximum value in the specified cell?

Ans: MAX function is used to find the maximum value in the specified cell.

 

5. Write short answers to the following questions.

a. What is MS-Excel? Define its features.

Ans: MS-Excel is a spreadsheet program that provides a grid interface to enter or organize the various data or information.

Features of Excel:

 

b. What is a design template? Explain in short.

Ans: A design template is a predesigned spreadsheet where you can use choose a blank template and customize it according to your requirement. 

c. What do you mean by data sorting? Write its importance in excel.

Ans: Data sorting is an important feature of MS-Excel. It helps you to organize data into meaning order like alphabetical order A to Z or Z to A, a numerical value from larger to smaller or smaller to larger.

d. What is cell reference? For what can we use it?

Ans: Cell reference refers to a particular cell or range of cells in a worksheet. Cell references are useful in excel to identify the data that should be used in formulas to calculate results.

e. Explain the types of cell references.

Ans: The different types of cell references are:

i) Relative cell reference: It is a common cell reference in excel which is followed by the column letter and row number Eg. A1, B5, C9 etc.

ii) Absolute cell reference: An absolute cell reference is a cell address that contains a dollar sign ($) in the row or column coordinate or both. Eg. $B$9 $C$9 etc.

iii) Mixed cell reference: Mixed cell reference is either an absolute column and relative row or an absolute row and relative column. Eg. A$1 or $A1.

f. What is a function? Name any six excel functions.

Ans: Functions are predefined formulas and are already available in Excel. Some examples of functions in excel are:

SUM function

MIN function

MAX function

AVERAGE function

PRODUCT function

IF function

g. What are the parts of function? List out some common excel functions.

Ans: Function has three parts Equal sign, Function name, and Argument. Eg: SUM(A1:A15)

Some common excel functions are:

SUM function

MIN function

MAX function

AVERAGE function

PRODUCT function

IF function

 

Presentation Software

 Write very short answer to the following questions.

a. Can we work with spelling and grammar checking options in power point? If yes, which tab can be used?

Ans: Yes we can work with spelling and grammar checking options in power point. Review tab is used for spelling and grammar check options.

b. What is the use of ignore once in spelling check dialogue box?

Ans: Ignore once in spelling check dialogue box options is to skip the word without changing it.

c. Which function key is used to view presentation?

Ans: F5 function key is used to view presentation.

d. Which tab can be used to insert chart in presentation?

Ans: Insert tab is used to insert chart in presentation.

e. What is the use of CTRL+C and CTRL + V shortcut key?

Ans: The use of CTRL+C is to copy and CTRL+V is to paste the word, sentence or paragraph.

f. What are the other three options available with Audio drop down list?

Ans: The three options available with Audio drop down list are: i) Audio from file, ii) Clip art audio and iii) Record audio

 

Write short answer to the following questions.

 

(Answer uploading soon check back later)

 

a. What is PowerPoint? For what purpose can you use PowerPoint?

Ans: PowerPoint is the most popular presentation software developed by Microsoft corporation USA. It is used to create Presentation in the computer.

b. Write down the common features of PowerPoint.

Ans: The common features of PowerPoint are:

1. Presentation is made up of a series of slides.

2. The slides that you create using PowerPoint can also be presented as overhead projector.

3. You can print hand-outs, outlines, and speaker's notes.

4. You can format all the slides by using slide master.

5. You can import what you have created in other microsoft programs, such as word and Excel into any slides.

 

c. What indicates grammar and spelling errors in PowerPoint?

Ans: Green wavy lines indicates the grammar error and Red wavy line indicates the Spelling errors in PowerPoint.

d. Define theme. Write down the steps to create a new theme colour.

Ans: A theme is a predefined combination of colours, fonts, and effects that can be applied to the presentation.

Steps to create a new theme colour:

Step 1 : Click on the Design tab then click on Theme colours command from themes group.

Step 2 : A drop-downs menu will appear.

Step 3. Place the mouse over the different sets of them colours to see a preview and select create new theme colours and customize it.

 

e. Write down the steps to change the background style.

Ans: To change the background style follow the given steps below:

Step 1 : From the Design tab, click the background styles command in background group.

Step 2 : Select eh desired style. (the new background will appear in the slide.)

 

f. Define chart and name some types of charts.

Ans: Chart is a tool that you can use to communicate your data graphically. it allows to see the meaning behind the numbers, and it makes showing comparisons and trend much easier.

       The different types of chart are: Column chart, Line Chart, Pie Chart, Bar Chart, Area Chart, Surface Chart etc.

g. Write down the Name of the parts of a chart.

Ans: The different parts of a chart are: The vertical Axis, Data series, Legend, Horizontal Axis.

h. Can you insert an audio in a presentation? If so, write the steps to add it in a slide.

Ans: Yes we can insert an audio in a presentation.

Steps to insert an audio in presentation

click on the Insert tab,

then click on the Audio icon.

 A drop-down menu will appear.

Click on the Audio from File option.

A dialog box will appear.

Select the audio file

 

 Write long answer to the following questions.

a. What is theme? Explain the ways to change the theme colour, theme fonts and theme effects.

The theme in PowerPoint refers to the overall design of the presentation, including the colors, fonts, and effects used. There are several ways to change the theme color, theme fonts, and theme effects in PowerPoint.

 

To change the theme color, go to the Design tab and click on the Colors drop-down menu. From here, you can select from a variety of preset color schemes, or you can create your own custom color scheme.

 

To change the theme fonts, go to the Design tab and click on the Fonts drop-down menu. From here, you can select from a variety of preset font schemes, or you can create your own custom font scheme.

 

To change the theme effects, go to the Design tab and click on the Effects drop-down menu. From here, you can select from a variety of preset effect schemes, or you can create your own custom effect scheme.

 

b. What is the purpose of inserting an audio in a slide? Write down the step to insert

clipart audio and recording own audio.

The purpose of inserting an audio in a slide is to add interest and engage the audience. The steps to insert clipart audio and recording own audio are:

 

1. Click the Insert tab on the ribbon.

2. Click the Audio button.

3. Select the audio file you want to insert.

4. Click the Insert button.

 

C. Explain the types of chart with its various parts.

 

The different types of chart are:

 

A. column chart

 

A column chart is a graphical representation of data that uses vertical columns to show comparative values.

 

B. line chart

 

A line chart is a graphical representation of data that uses a series of connected line segments to show how values have changed over time.

 

C. Pie chart

 

A pie chart is a graphical representation of data that uses a circle divided into sectors to show how values have changed over time.

 

D. Bar chart

 

A bar chart is a graphical representation of data that uses horizontal bars to show how values have changed over time.

 

E. Surface chart

 

A surface chart is a graphical representation of data that uses a three-dimensional surface to show how values have changed over time.

 

F. Area chart

 

An area chart is a graphical representation of data that uses a series of connected line segments to show how values have changed over time.

 

The different parts of Chart are:

 

The vertical Axis or Gross Earning

Data Series

Legend

Horizontal Axis

 

Web Page Designing With HTML 

Answer >>> Coming Soon

Web Page Designing With HTML

6. Write very short answers to the following questions.

a. Name any two web browsers.

Ans: Opera and Google Chrome are the two web browsers.

b. Name any two popular search engines that you know.

Ans: Google and Yahoo! are popular search engines.

c. When was the first web page created?

Ans: The first web page was created in 1990 AD and put online in 1991 AD.

d. What are the types of HTML tags?

e.Which tag is used to make the text italic and close it?

f. Which colour code is use for green colour in RGB colour format?

g

Can we use space at the beginning or middle of the tag?

7. Write short answer to the following questions.

a. Define web browser and search engine.

b. What is HTML? Write down the features of HTML.

What is HTML tag? Explain its types.

C.

d.

Define hyperlink with its examples.

What is the default background colour of the web page? e.

f. Which tag is used to make the text movable?

8. Write long answer to the following question.

a. What do

a. What do you mean by text formatting in HTML? Explain some te

formatting tag with its syntax.

 

Information Communication Technology 

Chapter 11 Information Communication Technology

3. Write very short answers to the following questions.

a. What is the full form of ICT?

Ans: The full form of ICT is Information Communication Technology.

b. Are laptop and desktop computers related to technology?

Ans: Yes laptops and desktop computers are related to technology.

C. Is it possible to use ICT tools in education?

Ans: Yes it is possible to use ICT tools in education.

d. Name any three ICT tools that can be used at your school.

Ans: Laptop, Smart Board, and Projector are the ICT tools that can be used at school.

4. Write short answers to the following questions.

a Define ICT with its advantages and disadvantages.

Ans: Information technology is the technology used to store, manipulate, distribute or create informatión. It is a set of tools that can help to provide the right people with the right information at the right time.

Advantages:

1. It is massively used in the educational sector.

2. It has a great impact on the field of communication

3. It is used to promote e-commerce.

4. It is used in distance learning and online health service.

Disadvantages:

1. It has increased the piracy of data and information.

2. More chances of spreading viruses.

3. Increasing the number of viewers of pornography.

4. A great threat from hackers.

5. People are depending on other resources which may decrease efficiency.

b. What is the role of ICT in education? Describe in short.

Ans: The use of ICT in education is very common these days. ICT can be used for teaching and learning purposes. Various ICT tools are used in schools and colleges for effective learning activities like laptops, projectors, smart boards, and other educational software. Students can use different websites and browse related information at any time from anywhere.

c. What types of services can we get with the help of ICT tools at the hospital?

Ans: With the help of ICT tools we can get many services at hospitals like keeping patient records, treatment analysis, and getting information on patients diseased. CT-Scan, Ultrasound, endoscope, ECG, X-ray, etc are possible because of ICT tools. Doctors can give online medical advice to patients. 

 d. What is the role of ICT tools in communication these days?

Ans.

e What is E-Commerce What are the different categories of E-Commerce?

 

Computer Ethics and Cyber Law 

Write very short answers to the following questions.

a. When was the history of computer ethics started?

Ans: The history of computer ethics started in the 1950 AD.

b. Write any one commandment of computer ethics.

Ans: One commandment of computer ethics is we must not use computers to harm other people.

c. Is cybercrime a criminal activity?

Ans: Yes cybercrime is criminal activity.

d. Who are called hackers?

Ans: A hacker is a person who finds and exploits the weakness in the computer systems and networks to gain access.

e. When was cyber law introduced in Nepal?

Ans: Cyberlaw was introduced in Nepal on Bhadra 30, 2061.

f. Write any one area of cyber law.

Ans: Computer crime law is an area of cyber law.

Write short answers to the following questions.

Q.a. What do you mean by computer ethics?

Ans: Computer ethics deals with how computer experts should make decisions regarding social and professional behavior while working with computer tools and technology.

Q.b. Write any six provisions of computer ethics.

Ans: Six provisions of computer ethics are:

i) Do not use a computer to harm other people.

ii) Do not interfere with other people's files.

iii) do not use a computer to steal.

iv) Do not use a computer to bear false witness.

v) Do not use or copy software for which you have not paid.

vi) Do not use other people's computer resources without permission (authorization).

Q.c. What is cybercrime? Is hacking a cybercrime?

Ans: Cybercrime is a criminal activity committed with the help of computers and computing tools. It is committed by individuals or small groups as well as by criminal organizations that are often spread around the world to steal personal information, spread viruses, hacking website, and blogs to earn the money.

Yes, hacking is a cybercrime.

Q.d. Explain Cyber terrorism.

Ans: Cyber terrorism is the process of doing the criminal activity by individuals or small groups as well as by criminal organizations that are often spread around the world to steal personal information, spread viruses, hacking website, and blogs to earn the money.

Q.e. Define Cyberlaw with its area.

Ans: Cyber law is a term that captures the legal issues related to the use of computer and internet technology and also deals with cyberspace and its legal issues.

The different areas of cyber law are:

i) Computer Crime Law

ii) Intellectual Property Law

iii) Data protection and Privacy Law

iv) Copyright Law

v) Trademark Law

vi) Telecommunication Law.

 

Computer Virus

write down a single technical term for the following.

1. These are the utility tools used to detect and remove the virus from the computing devices. Anti-virus software
2. It is a series of commands that automatically triggers a specific function within a software program. Macro Virus
3. A type of computer virus that inserts its malicious code into executable files
   on a system. File infector virus
4. These types of viruses are created with the help of scripting languages such as VB Script, Java Script, etc. Script virus
5. The virus can affect both the boot sector and the program files at the same time. Multipartite Virus

Write very short answer to the following questions.

a. Name any three computer viruses. 

Ans: The three computer viruses are: Macro Virus, Script Virus, File infector Virus.

b. Write any two examples of file infector virus.

Ans: Two example of file infector virus are: Jerusalem and Cascade.

c. Name any two routes of virus transformation.

Ans: Two routes of virus transformation are: 

        i. Email attachment and web documents

        ii. Removable storage devices like pen drive, memory card etc.

d. Does computer virus affect computer hardware?

Ans: No computer virus does not affect computer hardware.

e. What should be installed in your computer system to protect it from computer virus?

Ans: We should install Antivirus software in our computer system to protect it from computer virus.

f. Name any two antivirus that you know.

Ans: Two antivirus software are: Norton antivirus, Kaspersky antivirus.

Write short answer to the following questions.

a. What is a computer virus? Explain with examples.

Ans: A computer virus is a manmade destructive computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without the permission or knowledge of the user.

        A macro is a series of commands that automatically triggers a specific function within a software program. A boot sector virus infects the boot sector on hard disk, floppy disk and also bootable media such as CD and DVD. File infector virus is also known as parasitic virus that usually infects memory and executable files. The polymorphic virus duplicates itself by creating usable, albeit slightly modified, copies of itself.

b. What are the types of viruses? List out them.

Ans: The different types of computer viruses are: Macro virus, boot sector virus, File infector virus, Polymorphic virus, multipartite virus, Script virus, Stealth virus, etc.

c. What are the symptoms of virus infections?

Ans: The symptoms of virus infections are:

·         Computer will be slow down and does not respond properly.

·         Computer will restart itself.

·         Unwanted error message appears on the display screen.

·         Programs and files may disappear from the computer system.

·         Disk and drive may not open properly.

·         Antivirus program may not work properly or may disappear from the system.

d. What are the routes of virus transformation?

Ans: Routes of virus transformation are:

·          Email attachment and web documents.

·          Removable storage devices like pen drive, memory card, etc.

·          Fake websites

·          Bluetooth, Xender, etc.

e. Define antivirus with some examples.

Ans: Antivirus programs are utility tools used to detect and remove the virus from the computing devices. Some examples of antivirus are: Norton antivirus, Kaspersky antivirus, McAfee antivirus, NOD 32 antivirus, AVG antivirus, Panda antivirus etc. 

f. Explain the ways to protect your computer system from the viruses.

Ans: The different ways to protect our computer system from the viruses are: 

·         Always use antivirus program on your computer system and update it regularly.

·         Scan removable storage media with antivirus before using it.

·         Use firewall system.

·         Do not download unnecessary software and data from the internet.

·         Do not open unwanted and junk emails.

·         Give priority to use genuine software programs.

Write long answer to the following question. 

a.  Explain the types of computer viruses.

Ans: The different types of computer viruses are described below.

Macro virus 

        A macro is a series of commands that automatically triggers a specific function within a software program.

Boot sector virus 

A boot sector virus infects the boot sector on hard disk, floppy disk and also bootable media such as CD and DVD. 

File infector virus

File infector virus is also known as parasitic virus that usually infects memory and executable files. 

Polymorphic virus

The polymorphic virus duplicates itself by creating usable, albeit slightly modified, copies of itself.

Script virus

These types of viruses are created with the help of scripting languages like Java Script, VB script. A script virus usually comes from web page advertisements so it can spread very fast.

Stealth Virus

A computer virus that actively hides itself from the antivirus software and create a copy itself into another location on the drive are known as stealth virus.

(If you have any question from this chapter please comment below)

 

Introduction to computer networking

Write very short answer of the following questions.

 

a. Name any two components required for networking.

Ans: Network Interface Card (NIC) and Network Operating System (NOC) are the two components required for networking.

Name any two protocols.

Ans: Transmission control protocols and File transfer protocol are the two types of protocols.

Is LAN larger than WAN?

Ans: No, LAN is not larger than WAN.

Name any two networking topology.

Ans: Any two networking topology are: Bus topology and star topology.

What are the types of network architecture?

Ans: The different types of network architecture are:

Peer to peer architecture

Client server architecture.

Which network topology places hub at the Centre?

Ans: Star topology places hub at the center.

 

 

Write short answer to the following questions.

 

a. Define computer network with its uses.

Ans: A computer network is a group of two or more than two computers that are linked together to share the information and resources.

b. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of computer networking.

Ans: Advantages of networking:

i. It enhances communication and availability of information.

 

ii. It allows for more convenient resource sharing.

 

iii. It makes file sharing easier.

 

iv. It has a highly flexible working condition.

 

v. It increases cost efficiency

 

 

 

Disadvantages of networking:

 

i. It is difficult to establish

 

ii. Trained person is required to handle.

 

iii. It has less privacy.

 

iv. More chances of spreading viruses.

 

 

c. Define network operating system.

Ans: Network operating system is an operating system used to make the computers participate on the network. It creates a working environment between the user and networks. Example: Windows 2000, windows XP, windows 7, etc.

d. What are the types of computer networking? Write down the advantages LAN.

Ans: The different types of computer networking are: Personal Area Network, Local Area Network, Metropolitan Area Network, and Wide Area Network.

Advantages of LAN are:

i. It is a reliable networking suitable for very small area.

ii. Adding and removing the computer is easy.

iii. Data transfer rate is very high.

iv. Easy to share hardware resources like printer, CD, DVD etc.

e. What is MAN? What are the advantages of MAN?

Ans: MAN or Metropolitan Area Network consists of a computer network across an entire city or small region.

Advantages of MAN

i. It is larger than LAN and smaller than WAN.

ii. It is faster than WAN but slower than LAN.

iii. Centralized administration is required to handle.

f. Define ring topology with its advantages.

Ans:

g. Define web browser and web server.

Ans:

 

Write long answer to the following questions.

 

What is Network architecture? Explain its types in details.

Write about protocol. What is the internet? Explain its uses.

c Explain the types of computer networking in details.